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(Part of the 38 participants)
(Doods, delivering his piece)
(Noel, lecturing on Power Plant Operations)
(Ernie, on Faults in Substations)
(Doods, on the subject: "Sizing MV & HV Power Circuit Breakers"
(Doods, explaining the Symmetrical & Asymmetrical Ratings of Power Circuit Breakers)
Ely, with the PNOC backdrop)
(PNOC Managers' Housing Facilities in Milagro (This is where we were housed)
(The famous, AMEN...?)
(PNOC Module 3.0 Class Picture)
MODULE 3.0:
FAULT CALCULATIONS & APPLICATIONS
IN INDUSTRIES
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The application of Fault Calculations is the third phase in the design of the industrial power system. Without Fault Calculations, the design can never be considered complete. Module 3.0 covers in satisfactory details how electrical systems are designed from the point of view of abnormal conditions, such as faults. The course will likewise present how circuit breakers, power fuses and switchgear & cable withstand ratings are selected.
Often not fully understood, applications of fault calculations in industrial plants or power generation complexes are frequently taken-for-granted, as sizing system equipment & components are usually selected on the basis of normal conditions, only. But during abnormal conditions, faults cause disintegration of system components & ignite full-blown fires, even explosions.
As the presence of the threat of a major fault is 24/7 throughout the lifetime of the plant, understanding the nature and behavior of faults must therefore be given emphasis if preservation of lives, properties and continuity of plant operation are of prime importance. How to determine and control fault magnitudes are the mainstream of this course.
The course covers the following specific subjects of applications:
1) Establishment of Three-Phase Short Circuit Duties at any point of the system (whether power plants, industrial plants & buildings) as bases for circuit breaker interrupting ratings, power fuses as circuit protection and for switchgear short-time withstand ratings, among others.
2) For existing plants, the output of fault calculations will trigger power system audits to confirm if the operating equipment or devices in the system can withstand abnormal conditions within their operating limits without injury and damage to itself.
3) The course also covers Single-Line-to-Ground Fault Calculations necessary in sizing Neutral Grounding Impedances for generators and substations in the end view of limiting and/or controlling destructive fault current magnitudes. A substantial treatment culminating in Grounding Transformers is covered in the course for the engineer to appreciate the value of this specific application.
4) The output of Fault Calculations will also carry the fundamental reference in arming up protective relays or other protective devices wherever they are placed in the system.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the module, the participants are expected be able to:
a) Calculate the Three-Phase Fault Duties at any point of an industrial plant electrical system,
b) Calculate the Single-Line to Ground Fault Duties at any point of an industrial plant electrical system,
c) Select and apply the proper protective devices such as circuit breakers and power fuses,
d) Select and apply the proper sizes of Neutral Grounding Impedances for Power Transformers and Generators to control the magnitude of fault currents,
e) Select equipment and components that can withstand the maximum available fault current at any point of the system,
f) Establish benchmarks for Power System Audit that may be conducted after establishing the fault duties in an industrial system.
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Mod 4.0: INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATIONS & PROTECTION SYSTEMS
(PNOC-EDC, Ormoc City, Leyte: October 3, 4 & 5, 2007)
.JPG)
( PNOC Module 4.0 Class Picture)
MODULE 4.0:
INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATION & PROTECTION SYSTEM
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The design of the industrial complex in concept needs to consider & integrate system voltages, loads, load growths, transformer MVA sizes, system configuration, transformer connections, system grounding, distribution systems, system components, switchgears, auxiliary systems and the protection system that the substations deserve. This is what is known in the industry as “System Integration”.System Integration requires the competency & working knowledge in International Standards. Using IEEE/ANSI and IEC Standards, Module 4.0 covers how electrical systems are designed from the point of view of primary substations & secondary power centers in industrial applications and how power is distributed downstream. As equipment, components and apparatuses involved in this task are manufactured abroad, these equipment are designed & meant to operate under the bounds of these standards. The course thus provides insights how the engineer should fit his design outputs to the standards.
Experiences in best designing practices by others as well as the benchmarks gathered from several previous technical audits are interpreted viz-a-viz the behavior of industrial plant electrical systems. Attempts to simplify and focus on specific applicable areas in the Philippine scenario but cognizant to international standards are typical in this course.
Performing various functions in the power system, the Power Substation can be transforming voltages for transmission or distribution purposes. It can also be functioning as the hook-up sub-system with other generating plants or can be as simple as receiver of bulk power from a utility source.
Among others, the course covers the following:
1) Load Metrics, System Factors & Relations,
2) Distribution System Designing,
3) The Primary Unit Power Substation Designing,
4) Small Substations & Power Center Dimensioning,
5) Substation Protective Devices,
6) Auxiliary Systems in Substations,
7) Grid Substations
8) Substation System Protection, and,
9) Arming-Up & Coordination of Protective Relays.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the module, the participants are expected be able to:
a) Calculate the loads of the Substation in concept,
b) Understand how the different types of Distribution Systems work and where applied,
c) Understand the functionalities of Grid Substations,
d) Determine appropriate sizes of Primary Unit Substation components, apparatuses & devices,
e) Determine appropriate sizes of components, apparatuses & devices for Power Centers and Small Substations,
f) Determine, select and specify Substation protective devices,
g) Establish, select and specify Station Battery system for Substations,
h) Understand the protection schemes for Substations,
i) Set, parameterize and co-ordinate the protective relays in Substations.
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Module 4.0 Sp: INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATIONS & PROTECTION SYSTEMS
(PANAY POWER CORP, Iloilo City: November 13, 14, 15 & 16, 2007)
(The Main Gate of PANAY POWER CORP)
(ELY on the subject, Substation Components)
(ELY, continuing his lectures)
(DOODS, discussing on System Grounding for Power Plants, Substations & Distribution Systems)
(Dinner at Iloilo's famous "Breakthrough Restaurant" with PPC personalities)
(Part of the 50 participants attending the seminar)
(Graduation Time...)
PPC Class Picture (Part Only)
PPC Class Picture (Part only)
PPC Class Picture (Part only)
COURSE COVERAGE FOR PANAY POWER CORPORATION (32 hours):
1) Relevant Codes & Standards for Substations
2) Power Plant Dimensioning in Island Generation Mode
§ Load Duration Curves
§ Sizing of Power Plant Capacity
§ Sizing of Number and Capacities of Generating Units
§ Spinning Reserves
§ Operating Capacity Planning & Scheduling
3) Power Plant Operation
§ Island Generation: Six (6) Generators in Parallel
§ Generation a Power Plant in Parallel with Another Plant
§ Generation of One Power Plant with the Grid
§ Generation of Two Power Plants with the Grid
§ Export & Import of Power
§ Hook-Up & Operational Controls
4) Three-Phase Fault Calculations & Fault Duties
§ Power Plant in Island Generation Mode
§ The Power Plant Operated with the Grid
§ Establishment of Fault Duties on Possible Conditions
§ Suitability of Existing Circuit Breakers with Grid Hook-Up
§ Application of Power Fuses & MV Power Circuit Breakers
5) Power Substation
§ Single Line Diagram of a Complete Substation
§ Equipment Set-Up for a Complete Substation
§ Lightning Arresters
§ Instrument Transformer Burdens
§ Power Substation Dimensioning
§ Design Computations for Ratings for Substation Components
§ Substation Configurations
§ Auxiliary Battery Systems in Power Substations
§ System & Equipment Grounding of Distribution Systems
§ Substation Grounding
6) Faults in Substations
§ Three – Phase Faults
§ Overview of Symmetrical Components
§ Single-Line-to-Ground Faults
§ Establishment of Fault Duties
7) Substation Protection & Relaying
§ Zones of Protection for Substations
§ Diagrammatic Presentation of Protective Relays
§ Various TCC’s of Protective Relays
§ Relay Setting, Parameterization & Coordination
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