MODULE 3.0: FAULT CALCULATIONS & APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIES
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The application of Fault Calculations is the third phase in the design of the industrial power system. Without Fault Calculations, the design can never be considered complete. Module 3.0 covers in satisfactory details how electrical systems are designed from the point of view of abnormal conditions, such as faults. The course will likewise present how the interrupting ratings of circuit breakers & power fuses as well as the withstand ratings of switchgears & cables are selected.
Often not fully understood, applications of fault calculations in industrial plants or power generation complexes are frequently taken-for-granted, as sizing system equipment & components are usually selected on the basis of normal conditions, only. But during abnormal conditions, faults cause disintegration of system components & ignite full-blown fires - in many cases, explosions.
As the presence of the threat of major faults is 24/7 throughout the lifetime of the plant, understanding the nature and behavior of faults must therefore be given emphasis if preservation of lives, properties and continuity of plant operation are of prime importance. How to understand this behavior and how to control fault magnitudes are the mainstreams of this course.
The course covers the following specific subjects of applications:
1) Establishment of Three-Phase Short Circuit Duties at any point of the system (whether power plants, industrial plants or commercial buildings) as bases for circuit breaker interrupting ratings, power fuses as circuit protection and for switchgear short-time withstand ratings, among others.
2) For existing plants, the output of fault calculations will trigger power system audits to confirm if the operating equipment or devices in the system can withstand abnormal conditions within their operating limits without injury and damage to itself.
3) The course also covers Single-Line-to-Ground Fault Calculations necessary in sizing Neutral Grounding Impedances for generators and substations in the end view of limiting and/or controlling destructive fault current magnitudes. A substantial treatment culminating in Grounding Transformers is covered in the course for the engineer to appreciate the value of this specific application.
4) The output of Fault Calculations will also carry the fundamental reference in arming up protective relays or other protective devices wherever they are placed in the system.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the module, the participants are expected be able to:
a) Understand the behavior of the system in events of faults,
b) Calculate the Three-Phase Fault Duties at any point of an industrial plant electrical system,
c) Calculate the Single-Line to Ground Fault Duties at any point of an industrial plant electrical system,
d) Select and apply the proper protective devices such as circuit breakers and power fuses,
e) Select and apply the proper sizes of Neutral Grounding Impedances for Power Transformers and Generators to control the magnitude of fault currents,
f) Select equipment and components that can withstand the maximum available fault current at any point of the system,
g) Establish benchmarks for Power System Audit that may be conducted after establishing the fault duties in an industrial system.
WHAT CAN CESEEPS ACCOMPLISH IN THE GLOBALIZATION
OF THE FILIPINO ELECTRICAL ENGINEER?
Completing the five-course Training Program will catapult the electrical engineer to higher dimensions in the practice of electrical engineering,
Completing the five-course Training Program will transform the electrical engineer into a world-class practitioner applying IEEE/ANSI and IEC standards of design & practice,
The application of the skills derived from this program will not only hasten productivity of the engineer but also result to a safer, reliable and much better electrical environment.
SCHEDULE OF MODULE 3.0 SEMINARS
September 5, 6 & 7, 2007: Ormoc City (Exclusive to PNOC EDC Engineers)
September 12, 13 & 14, 2007: Mandaue City, (Open to All)
Friday, August 31, 2007
Monday, August 27, 2007
A BRIEF ENCOUNTER WITH AN ICON
A BRIEF ENCOUNTER WITH AN ICON
“DOODS. Dominico “Doods” Amora is a Professional Electrical Engineer, one of very few in the Philippines. Engineering is his true passion, but boxing is a beloved mistress.” (SunStar Daily, Second Overtime, Aug. 22, 2007)
There went the lines of a renowned sports columnist in one of his SunStar Daily postings. The words were uncomplicated - nimble as a butterfly but stinging like a bee. The usual patent of Homer Sayson.
Somehow, my wife liked it. I myself loved it… My friends too, in concurrence.
The morning before these words came off the press, I happened to have an unexpected overseas call direct from Chicago, Illinois, USA. We talked for about an hour as if we had long been good old friends lost in the vastness of the globe.
Unbelievable my friends, it was MR. HOMER SAYSON, the engineers’ favorite sports columnist, himself! I couldn’t believe my ears!
And there never was a dull moment…
His voice was youthful, humble and kind - his speech friendly, truthful, straight-forward and witty – continuously flowing akin to the energy of the beer bottle filling machines of a brewery in Mandaue City. Much to my delight, the compliment was mutual. From the very first line of our conversation, I knew I was talking to an exceptionally talented man.
He had read the article, “A SUNDAY IN HISTORY” which was posted at CESEEPS Blogsite. He called because he wanted to “feel the face” of the writer just as he enjoyed much the piece. “I just can’t call anybody overseas if I don’t have good reason to do it”, said he. Those mere words alone were enough for me to swoon. Disarmed, I stammered, unsure of what to say along the way… I was talking to an icon…!
HOMER SAYSON. Yes, a Cebuano, a full-bloodied Bisaya whose unique delivery and mastery of the English prose must have brought multitudes of English–speaking Caucasians envious. To countless buffs, Homer is the best! I had been following his “Second Overtime” at SunStar Daily with faithful adulation for years. My only yearning was, “I wish I could do a mere fraction of his talent in writing”. I am just an engineer, without any journalistic training…
But then he said, “Writing can be self-taught. Yet fundamentally the flare should be there and the learnings can be achieved later”. To his conviction, improvements to one’s work are endless. It’s up for me to discover.
Sounded familiar, I recalled my own lectures… something about an open-ended, never-ending exercise…
I wanted to discern the underlying secrets, and I found myself browsing the SunStar archives. And for several times, again and again…, I savored and relished his previous works; and to share a few excerpts of them are as follows:
“… and her smile was just like the afternoon ocean breeze, soft and warm…and as she leaned slightly forward, her twin assets threatened to spill.
Her legs were long, deliciously thick and round. And they’re white as the sandy beach. Hazel Reyes in real life, Ms. Ara Mina has been all over the news lately. But for the wrong reasons…” How can anyone else introduce Ms. Ara Mina in a better fashion?
In another piece of work, “When I first saw him in Sacramento during the World Cup of Boxing two weeks ago, Bert Batawang looked ashen, as though life had just been sucked out of his vibrant 30-year-old spirit.
… The flood of bad news was enough to send Batawang to jump from the nearest bridge or the tallest building. He, however, took his fate like a man, confident that in the mystery of God’s ways, things will play itself out for the better.” …
And in tribute to Edito Villamor,
… He is one of the most valuable pieces of the ALA boxing empire, a tireless team player with selfless goals and an unbridled, unceasing love for the sport.
But every time the lambent lights of recognition gleam on the ALA boxers, he is rarely seen or heard. Not a shadow, not even a whisper.
He isn’t mute, or acting hard to get. He just doesn’t want to be found. Or heard.
But on the heels of our success last week at the World Cup in Sacramento, where our pugs drilled the Mexicans, 5-1, it’s high time to unmask this unsung hero.
Given his patent discomfort with publicity, writing this piece was, shall we say, quite a challenge. I felt like a rookie dentist trying to pluck a reluctant molar from a stubborn, defiant patient…”
With the above lines read and re-read, I felt hypnotized. I couldn’t help expressing to myself, my awe.
Outside, there was heavy downpour. A brief thunderstorm ensued - as if boldly reminding me that I’m in the verge of committing the sin of idolatry.
Then I thought of his advice: “Develop further your metaphors. And you will find the big difference. Go back to your past works and rewrite them as if they are as recent as today. Then you will discover the diversity.”
I groped my past, seeking where could I have heard the word “metaphor”. It couldn’t be in college, I’m sure. Similar to other engineering students, those were the days where my cronies and I used to hop our English classes in favor of that bubbly brownish elixir concoction served in “garapons” popularly known as South Terminal I & II courses. (The engineers knew what it was! Hehehe… remember the good old times, guys?)
I now suppose, it should have been my High School English. I remembered I had two excellent teachers way back high school days. But then, without any clear directions at the time, youthful fancies used to derail and drown a confused soul from the right roadmap.
Now I discovered, my beloved mistress could have been writing.
Unofficially today, everyone knows that I have written five books which stood as training materials for CESEEPS Re-Engineering program. But they are technical books. And I suppose, mine is more of a Technical English.
Again, writing could be my other love. But I should have done my homework long before…
I hope it's not too late to be a trace of HOMER SAYSON.
There went the lines of a renowned sports columnist in one of his SunStar Daily postings. The words were uncomplicated - nimble as a butterfly but stinging like a bee. The usual patent of Homer Sayson.
Somehow, my wife liked it. I myself loved it… My friends too, in concurrence.
The morning before these words came off the press, I happened to have an unexpected overseas call direct from Chicago, Illinois, USA. We talked for about an hour as if we had long been good old friends lost in the vastness of the globe.
Unbelievable my friends, it was MR. HOMER SAYSON, the engineers’ favorite sports columnist, himself! I couldn’t believe my ears!
And there never was a dull moment…
His voice was youthful, humble and kind - his speech friendly, truthful, straight-forward and witty – continuously flowing akin to the energy of the beer bottle filling machines of a brewery in Mandaue City. Much to my delight, the compliment was mutual. From the very first line of our conversation, I knew I was talking to an exceptionally talented man.
He had read the article, “A SUNDAY IN HISTORY” which was posted at CESEEPS Blogsite. He called because he wanted to “feel the face” of the writer just as he enjoyed much the piece. “I just can’t call anybody overseas if I don’t have good reason to do it”, said he. Those mere words alone were enough for me to swoon. Disarmed, I stammered, unsure of what to say along the way… I was talking to an icon…!
HOMER SAYSON. Yes, a Cebuano, a full-bloodied Bisaya whose unique delivery and mastery of the English prose must have brought multitudes of English–speaking Caucasians envious. To countless buffs, Homer is the best! I had been following his “Second Overtime” at SunStar Daily with faithful adulation for years. My only yearning was, “I wish I could do a mere fraction of his talent in writing”. I am just an engineer, without any journalistic training…
But then he said, “Writing can be self-taught. Yet fundamentally the flare should be there and the learnings can be achieved later”. To his conviction, improvements to one’s work are endless. It’s up for me to discover.
Sounded familiar, I recalled my own lectures… something about an open-ended, never-ending exercise…
I wanted to discern the underlying secrets, and I found myself browsing the SunStar archives. And for several times, again and again…, I savored and relished his previous works; and to share a few excerpts of them are as follows:
“… and her smile was just like the afternoon ocean breeze, soft and warm…and as she leaned slightly forward, her twin assets threatened to spill.
Her legs were long, deliciously thick and round. And they’re white as the sandy beach. Hazel Reyes in real life, Ms. Ara Mina has been all over the news lately. But for the wrong reasons…” How can anyone else introduce Ms. Ara Mina in a better fashion?
In another piece of work, “When I first saw him in Sacramento during the World Cup of Boxing two weeks ago, Bert Batawang looked ashen, as though life had just been sucked out of his vibrant 30-year-old spirit.
… The flood of bad news was enough to send Batawang to jump from the nearest bridge or the tallest building. He, however, took his fate like a man, confident that in the mystery of God’s ways, things will play itself out for the better.” …
And in tribute to Edito Villamor,
… He is one of the most valuable pieces of the ALA boxing empire, a tireless team player with selfless goals and an unbridled, unceasing love for the sport.
But every time the lambent lights of recognition gleam on the ALA boxers, he is rarely seen or heard. Not a shadow, not even a whisper.
He isn’t mute, or acting hard to get. He just doesn’t want to be found. Or heard.
But on the heels of our success last week at the World Cup in Sacramento, where our pugs drilled the Mexicans, 5-1, it’s high time to unmask this unsung hero.
Given his patent discomfort with publicity, writing this piece was, shall we say, quite a challenge. I felt like a rookie dentist trying to pluck a reluctant molar from a stubborn, defiant patient…”
With the above lines read and re-read, I felt hypnotized. I couldn’t help expressing to myself, my awe.
Outside, there was heavy downpour. A brief thunderstorm ensued - as if boldly reminding me that I’m in the verge of committing the sin of idolatry.
Then I thought of his advice: “Develop further your metaphors. And you will find the big difference. Go back to your past works and rewrite them as if they are as recent as today. Then you will discover the diversity.”
I groped my past, seeking where could I have heard the word “metaphor”. It couldn’t be in college, I’m sure. Similar to other engineering students, those were the days where my cronies and I used to hop our English classes in favor of that bubbly brownish elixir concoction served in “garapons” popularly known as South Terminal I & II courses. (The engineers knew what it was! Hehehe… remember the good old times, guys?)
I now suppose, it should have been my High School English. I remembered I had two excellent teachers way back high school days. But then, without any clear directions at the time, youthful fancies used to derail and drown a confused soul from the right roadmap.
Now I discovered, my beloved mistress could have been writing.
Unofficially today, everyone knows that I have written five books which stood as training materials for CESEEPS Re-Engineering program. But they are technical books. And I suppose, mine is more of a Technical English.
Again, writing could be my other love. But I should have done my homework long before…
I hope it's not too late to be a trace of HOMER SAYSON.
DOODS A. AMORA, PEE
August 27, 2007
Sunday, August 19, 2007
SYSTEM DIMENSIONING (Second of Two Parts)
SYSTEM DIMENSIONING
(2nd of Two Parts)
(2nd of Two Parts)
THE LOAD FACTOR: Load factor is the ratio of the Average Load (AL) over that of the Peak Load (MD). Some time in 1996, Meralco & NPC declared rebates to industrial customers because of “improved heat rates due to improved system load factor”. Prior to this event, there was a campaign by utility companies urging customers to implement “Demand Side Management” – the purpose of which was to improve the over-all load factor. That brings us the question, what in real business & engineering sense, does “Load Factor” means?
If a plant for instance in Mindanao has a monthly load factor of, say 40%, why is an identical plant in Pasig City, 70%? Why is another identical plant in Cebu registering for instance, 65%? Experts in electrical engineering say that a load factor of 70% is ideal and a 60% for an industrial plant is already very good. What does it mean then to an industrial plant?
Load factor is a measure how the peaks and valleys of the system load behave. A low load factor means high peaks but at the same time, very low off-peak loads. It should be understood that the Average Load for a certain period is the energy consumed in kW-H divided by the number of hours inclusive of the period. If the kW-H consumption is low (so with the average load in KW), and if the peak is very high (the highest load within the period), the ratio between them is very low, too. To the generating plant, this scenario is a nightmare because the power plant has to run several generating units to watch and serve the peaks, plus the required spinning reserve capacity of at east equal to the capacity of the largest unit in operation. In the end, this makes the power plant operating in a very costly mode (requiring more fuel BTU per kW-H). With the utility rates regulated by ERC (Energy Regulatory Commission), the power plant will have to absorb the inefficiencies. While it is true that the utility company charges the customer a “demand charge” this alone can not pay nor offset the inefficiencies.
To the industrial plant, a ‘low’ Load Factor means that the peak MW is way above the average MW for the month or period. This means paying for higher demand charges. If the peaks can be controlled like proper scheduling of operation so as not to superimpose large loads, the peaks can be brought to the minimum, hence improving the load factor. Similar to the generating company’s predicament, a low load factor requires bigger substation capacities in preparation for large peaks while under-utilizing the system most of the time.
On top of the above, load factor is a reflection of the operation and ‘not-so-good-looking’ plant capacity utilization. For instance, if a manufacturing plant is only yielding 40% of plant production capacity, the plant operating loads may only be significant during the first three days of the work week. The rest of the week is off-peak, thereby bringing down the average load for the month. Please note that had the manufacturing plant operated 6 days a week, the peak demand would have been the same but the average load becomes higher because the wide valleys are eliminated thus, made narrow, i.e., during weekends only. If the plant is operating six (6) days a week, the load factor could be 70%. If the plant operates all the time even on Sundays, then the load factor becomes more than 80%. Hence, ‘high’ Load Factor bespeaks of good business, while a ‘low’ Load Factor means not-so-good business.
Load Factor therefore is influenced by the following circumstances:
a) OPERATING BEHAVIOR OF THE MANUFACTURING PLANT
If the manufacturing plant operates at or near its full production capacity, then the Load Factor will be close to 70%. High Load Factor, after all, means good business. Controlling the superimposing large loads can greatly help in making the load factor high. Test running a large motor for a few minutes after undergoing maintenance during production weekdays may not be desirable because it may mean PhP 100,000 penalty in terms of added demand charge. Typical Load Factors of brewery plants with large motors in its system viz-a-viz plant production rates can be seen as the following:
Plant Production Rate / Plant Load Factor
... 30% ... 0.35
... 40% ... 0.40
... 50% ... 0.48
... 60% ... 0.55
... 70% ... 0.60
... 80% ... 0.65
... 90% ... 0.68
... 100% ... 0.70
THE “DIVERSITY FACTOR” OR
“NON-SIMULTANEITY FACTOR”
“Diversity Factor” or “Non Simultaneity Factor” – is the ratio of the arithmetical sum of the maximum demands of all group loads over that of the system peak loads as seen by the main source. Diversity Factors normally end up greater than unity. Its reciprocal, the “Simultaneity or Coincidence Factor” must be less than unity. Diversity Factor means that the system peak load of an industrial plant is not the sum of the peaks of all departments or process plants. This is because the peaks of these group loads do not individually happen at the same time. Should the peaks occur at the same time, the “Coincidence Factor” or “Simultaneity Factor” or “Diversity Factor” should have been unity, which is in real scenario; this condition is statistically very difficult to happen.
The over-all peak DiF typical between main distribution feeders of medium size industrial plants is established to be in the vicinity of 1.15 - 1.35, as seen by the main substation or by the island generation power plant. This factor should be known for use in sizing the main substation or a power plant for that kind of specific industry. Please note that adding up all the individual maximum demands of load centers will end up to a very large size substation or power plant which is neither desired.
THE LOAD GROWTH FACTOR (LGF)
Electrical Engineering Practitioners usually consider load growth in sizing the system. It normally starts with the size of the sub-feeders & feeders to the transformers and substation. In the US, it is not unusual to provide a load growth factor of some 25-35% envisioned for the next five or seven years. As such, transformers are always oversized for same practical reasons.
b)THE PRESENCE OF LARGE MOTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PEAKS
A Bottling Plant typically registers a 68% to 70% load factor, while a refrigeration plant at 49%. This is so because motor starts-up in a Bottling Plant, mostly by small motors (and a few 20 hp motors), as seen by the demand meter only represents ripples. While the entry of a large compressor into a system influences the peso value of the demand charge that the manufacturing plant is paying for. More often than not, the size of the substation or a power plant serving a beverage plant is greatly influenced by the block loads brought by the size by large refrigeration compressor motors. Note that a 1,000 Hp compressor is even larger than a Bottling Line or a Pharmaceutical or an Automotive Harness Plant, electrically. Starting up one thousand pieces of one hp motor is very different from starting up a single – 1,000 Hp motor.
Power Plant Generators and Substation Transformers react to large motor starting as manifested in voltage dips. In general terms, transformers in an electrical system are usually larger than the maximum demands they serve, in some instances even larger than the connected loads. In the industrial plant scenario, the obvious reason at first glance for this apparent oversizing is the anticipation for future load growth. Fine…
But more often than not, sizing the transformer with extra kVA capacity unwittingly addresses voltage sag problems, not for load growth for which it is intended originally. That’s why for newly constructed plants where load growth is not yet there, the problem of starting significantly large motors may not surface out. Why? Because the extra kVA capacity intended for load growth is taking care of it. (See related article of this topic in this blogsite).
For systems with large motors:
TRAFO KVA = (Maximum Demand kVA of Small Group Motors) + (Maximum Demand kVA of Other Loads Including Load Growth) + (kVA Ratings of all Large Motors) + (Additional Trafo kVA Capacity necessary to accommodate the inrush of the largest motor)
DOODS A. AMORA, PEE
(August 19, 2007)
If a plant for instance in Mindanao has a monthly load factor of, say 40%, why is an identical plant in Pasig City, 70%? Why is another identical plant in Cebu registering for instance, 65%? Experts in electrical engineering say that a load factor of 70% is ideal and a 60% for an industrial plant is already very good. What does it mean then to an industrial plant?
Load factor is a measure how the peaks and valleys of the system load behave. A low load factor means high peaks but at the same time, very low off-peak loads. It should be understood that the Average Load for a certain period is the energy consumed in kW-H divided by the number of hours inclusive of the period. If the kW-H consumption is low (so with the average load in KW), and if the peak is very high (the highest load within the period), the ratio between them is very low, too. To the generating plant, this scenario is a nightmare because the power plant has to run several generating units to watch and serve the peaks, plus the required spinning reserve capacity of at east equal to the capacity of the largest unit in operation. In the end, this makes the power plant operating in a very costly mode (requiring more fuel BTU per kW-H). With the utility rates regulated by ERC (Energy Regulatory Commission), the power plant will have to absorb the inefficiencies. While it is true that the utility company charges the customer a “demand charge” this alone can not pay nor offset the inefficiencies.
To the industrial plant, a ‘low’ Load Factor means that the peak MW is way above the average MW for the month or period. This means paying for higher demand charges. If the peaks can be controlled like proper scheduling of operation so as not to superimpose large loads, the peaks can be brought to the minimum, hence improving the load factor. Similar to the generating company’s predicament, a low load factor requires bigger substation capacities in preparation for large peaks while under-utilizing the system most of the time.
On top of the above, load factor is a reflection of the operation and ‘not-so-good-looking’ plant capacity utilization. For instance, if a manufacturing plant is only yielding 40% of plant production capacity, the plant operating loads may only be significant during the first three days of the work week. The rest of the week is off-peak, thereby bringing down the average load for the month. Please note that had the manufacturing plant operated 6 days a week, the peak demand would have been the same but the average load becomes higher because the wide valleys are eliminated thus, made narrow, i.e., during weekends only. If the plant is operating six (6) days a week, the load factor could be 70%. If the plant operates all the time even on Sundays, then the load factor becomes more than 80%. Hence, ‘high’ Load Factor bespeaks of good business, while a ‘low’ Load Factor means not-so-good business.
Load Factor therefore is influenced by the following circumstances:
a) OPERATING BEHAVIOR OF THE MANUFACTURING PLANT
If the manufacturing plant operates at or near its full production capacity, then the Load Factor will be close to 70%. High Load Factor, after all, means good business. Controlling the superimposing large loads can greatly help in making the load factor high. Test running a large motor for a few minutes after undergoing maintenance during production weekdays may not be desirable because it may mean PhP 100,000 penalty in terms of added demand charge. Typical Load Factors of brewery plants with large motors in its system viz-a-viz plant production rates can be seen as the following:
Plant Production Rate / Plant Load Factor
... 30% ... 0.35
... 40% ... 0.40
... 50% ... 0.48
... 60% ... 0.55
... 70% ... 0.60
... 80% ... 0.65
... 90% ... 0.68
... 100% ... 0.70
THE “DIVERSITY FACTOR” OR
“NON-SIMULTANEITY FACTOR”
“Diversity Factor” or “Non Simultaneity Factor” – is the ratio of the arithmetical sum of the maximum demands of all group loads over that of the system peak loads as seen by the main source. Diversity Factors normally end up greater than unity. Its reciprocal, the “Simultaneity or Coincidence Factor” must be less than unity. Diversity Factor means that the system peak load of an industrial plant is not the sum of the peaks of all departments or process plants. This is because the peaks of these group loads do not individually happen at the same time. Should the peaks occur at the same time, the “Coincidence Factor” or “Simultaneity Factor” or “Diversity Factor” should have been unity, which is in real scenario; this condition is statistically very difficult to happen.
The over-all peak DiF typical between main distribution feeders of medium size industrial plants is established to be in the vicinity of 1.15 - 1.35, as seen by the main substation or by the island generation power plant. This factor should be known for use in sizing the main substation or a power plant for that kind of specific industry. Please note that adding up all the individual maximum demands of load centers will end up to a very large size substation or power plant which is neither desired.
THE LOAD GROWTH FACTOR (LGF)
Electrical Engineering Practitioners usually consider load growth in sizing the system. It normally starts with the size of the sub-feeders & feeders to the transformers and substation. In the US, it is not unusual to provide a load growth factor of some 25-35% envisioned for the next five or seven years. As such, transformers are always oversized for same practical reasons.
b)THE PRESENCE OF LARGE MOTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PEAKS
A Bottling Plant typically registers a 68% to 70% load factor, while a refrigeration plant at 49%. This is so because motor starts-up in a Bottling Plant, mostly by small motors (and a few 20 hp motors), as seen by the demand meter only represents ripples. While the entry of a large compressor into a system influences the peso value of the demand charge that the manufacturing plant is paying for. More often than not, the size of the substation or a power plant serving a beverage plant is greatly influenced by the block loads brought by the size by large refrigeration compressor motors. Note that a 1,000 Hp compressor is even larger than a Bottling Line or a Pharmaceutical or an Automotive Harness Plant, electrically. Starting up one thousand pieces of one hp motor is very different from starting up a single – 1,000 Hp motor.
Power Plant Generators and Substation Transformers react to large motor starting as manifested in voltage dips. In general terms, transformers in an electrical system are usually larger than the maximum demands they serve, in some instances even larger than the connected loads. In the industrial plant scenario, the obvious reason at first glance for this apparent oversizing is the anticipation for future load growth. Fine…
But more often than not, sizing the transformer with extra kVA capacity unwittingly addresses voltage sag problems, not for load growth for which it is intended originally. That’s why for newly constructed plants where load growth is not yet there, the problem of starting significantly large motors may not surface out. Why? Because the extra kVA capacity intended for load growth is taking care of it. (See related article of this topic in this blogsite).
For systems with large motors:
TRAFO KVA = (Maximum Demand kVA of Small Group Motors) + (Maximum Demand kVA of Other Loads Including Load Growth) + (kVA Ratings of all Large Motors) + (Additional Trafo kVA Capacity necessary to accommodate the inrush of the largest motor)
DOODS A. AMORA, PEE
(August 19, 2007)
Thursday, August 16, 2007
SYSTEM DIMENSIONING
SYSTEM DIMENSIONING
(First of Two Parts)
(First of Two Parts)
SYSTEM RELATIONS
Let us step farther away and look at the forest. The industrial complex under a design concept needs to consider & integrate system voltages, voltage transformations; behavior of loads, load distribution, load growths, transformer KVA sizes, transformer connections, device & equipment sizes, grounding, switching schemes, and protection systems among others; that would serve best the manufacturing and/or industrial processes the plant is intended to. This integration usually ends up in the Substation that will eventually link the industry with the power distributor company.
This task is what is known in the industry as “System Dimensioning”. And the designer must see to it that the system to be built will last for years in the entire lifetime of the industrial plant.
The whole power system exists to serve the load. The behavior of the load therefore commands the shape of the power system. Incidentally, the character of the load is very capricious for which the electrical system has to readily react to load situations instant by instant to accommodate its peaks and valleys. It is worthwhile to mention that unlike any other systems in the planet, the production, consumption & sale of electricity all happen at the same time, at an instance. The design, installation and the operation of the system must therefore be best suited to the requirements of the load that varies from time to time.
To further illustrate, a few terminology needs to be understood, as follows:
Connected Load (CL) – the arithmetical sum total of the continuous nominal power consuming ratings of all equipment in a system. In Europe, it is known as “Installed Power or Installed kVA”. In real terms, all of this amount of power can not be used or consumed at any given time. Thus the “Installed Power” or “Connected Load” can not be reached.
Maximum Demand (MD) - the highest or peak load in a certain time frame of a system. It is also known as 15-Minute Demand KW or KVA. For instance in a system connected load of 1,000 KVA, if only 60% of maximum power found drawn as metered, then the same system has a Maximum Demand of only 60% or 600 KVA. IEC lingo termed it as “Maximum Utilized Power”. This is so because even in operating motors, the actual load of these motors can not reach the “Installed Power KVA” because they are not most likely operating at fully loaded condition all at the same time. The maximum demand usually is the demand kW reflected in monthly utility billings.
Average Load (AL) - the equivalent average load of a variable load in a certain time frame. As the actual load with respect to time could be seen as a “mountain range curve”, there exists an imaginary straight line equivalent to this mountainous curve. That straight line represents the average load. For instance, in a variable load for the month, the meter read-out is 1,000,000 kW-H, the Average Load for the month will be: AL = 1,000,000 kW-H /(30 days per month x 24 hr per day) 1,388.89 KW. This means that the actual variable load for the month is likened to a uniform 1,388.89 KW load all the time for 30 days. Normally, the average load can be derived from the kW-hr consumption of the period divided by the hours of the period. It thus can be likened that the plant has an average KW or MW at any given time for the subject period.
SYSTEM LOAD METRICS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
In order for the design engineer to further understand the meaning of the relevant design factors, the following is an attempt to provide more explanation using the experience of the author in brewery operations. Note however, that load metrics for different types of plants differ from each other. Load Metrics are reflections of the actual behavior of plants. It is now up to the plant engineer, to interpret and establish them into the real scenario of his plant. It is thus desired that the engineer should create his own statistics in his supposed field of expertise.
THE DEMAND FACTOR: Let us recall that Demand Factor is the ratio of the Maximum Demand or Peak Load over that of the Connected Load. For instance, for a connected load of 100 KW, if the actual peak load is only 50 KW, the Demand Factor is supposed to be 50%. If we say that the Demand Factor of a typical Beer Filtration Plant is 54.5%, could it mean that the plant is operating only half of its capacity? … Not quite!
For the sake of explanation, about 35% of the connected loads in a Beer Cellaring/Filtration Plant are destined not to operate during normal production days. These specific loads referred to as the CIP (Cleaning-In-Place) systems don’t run during production operation. They are meant to operate only when the system ceases to produce and cleaning/sterilizing of the equipment, pipelines, etc with caustic soda are required for every shutdown to prepare the system for another round of production schedule. These types of loads are the so-called “Non-Coincidental Loads”. The effect of non-coincidental loads in an operation is a good example how the demand factor takes shape for every type of operation. It must be appreciated that the CIP system in this example is included in the inventory of the “Installed KVA” but in reality doesn’t influence the size of the power center in concept. It must be understood therefore that demand factors depend on the mode & type of industrial plant operation. Again the engineer must define his own turf.
In like manner that in an industrial plant, there are a number of installed spare units as compressors, boilers and system auxiliaries. These are typical in Steam & Refrigeration Plants, where a number of installed spare units are included in the connected load inventory but are meant to operate only when needed – that is, in case of breakdowns of the operating units. Moreover, a running motor usually doesn’t operate at full load. Remember, the peak loads discussed here are real-time values captured by a demand meter, while the connected loads are based on nameplate ratings. Most motors in any industrial plant are in fact running at 75% to 90% load only – this further shapes the demand factor of a specific plant.
(To be continued…)
DOODS A. AMORA, PEE
(August 17, 2007)
Let us step farther away and look at the forest. The industrial complex under a design concept needs to consider & integrate system voltages, voltage transformations; behavior of loads, load distribution, load growths, transformer KVA sizes, transformer connections, device & equipment sizes, grounding, switching schemes, and protection systems among others; that would serve best the manufacturing and/or industrial processes the plant is intended to. This integration usually ends up in the Substation that will eventually link the industry with the power distributor company.
This task is what is known in the industry as “System Dimensioning”. And the designer must see to it that the system to be built will last for years in the entire lifetime of the industrial plant.
The whole power system exists to serve the load. The behavior of the load therefore commands the shape of the power system. Incidentally, the character of the load is very capricious for which the electrical system has to readily react to load situations instant by instant to accommodate its peaks and valleys. It is worthwhile to mention that unlike any other systems in the planet, the production, consumption & sale of electricity all happen at the same time, at an instance. The design, installation and the operation of the system must therefore be best suited to the requirements of the load that varies from time to time.
To further illustrate, a few terminology needs to be understood, as follows:
Connected Load (CL) – the arithmetical sum total of the continuous nominal power consuming ratings of all equipment in a system. In Europe, it is known as “Installed Power or Installed kVA”. In real terms, all of this amount of power can not be used or consumed at any given time. Thus the “Installed Power” or “Connected Load” can not be reached.
Maximum Demand (MD) - the highest or peak load in a certain time frame of a system. It is also known as 15-Minute Demand KW or KVA. For instance in a system connected load of 1,000 KVA, if only 60% of maximum power found drawn as metered, then the same system has a Maximum Demand of only 60% or 600 KVA. IEC lingo termed it as “Maximum Utilized Power”. This is so because even in operating motors, the actual load of these motors can not reach the “Installed Power KVA” because they are not most likely operating at fully loaded condition all at the same time. The maximum demand usually is the demand kW reflected in monthly utility billings.
Average Load (AL) - the equivalent average load of a variable load in a certain time frame. As the actual load with respect to time could be seen as a “mountain range curve”, there exists an imaginary straight line equivalent to this mountainous curve. That straight line represents the average load. For instance, in a variable load for the month, the meter read-out is 1,000,000 kW-H, the Average Load for the month will be: AL = 1,000,000 kW-H /(30 days per month x 24 hr per day) 1,388.89 KW. This means that the actual variable load for the month is likened to a uniform 1,388.89 KW load all the time for 30 days. Normally, the average load can be derived from the kW-hr consumption of the period divided by the hours of the period. It thus can be likened that the plant has an average KW or MW at any given time for the subject period.
SYSTEM LOAD METRICS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
In order for the design engineer to further understand the meaning of the relevant design factors, the following is an attempt to provide more explanation using the experience of the author in brewery operations. Note however, that load metrics for different types of plants differ from each other. Load Metrics are reflections of the actual behavior of plants. It is now up to the plant engineer, to interpret and establish them into the real scenario of his plant. It is thus desired that the engineer should create his own statistics in his supposed field of expertise.
THE DEMAND FACTOR: Let us recall that Demand Factor is the ratio of the Maximum Demand or Peak Load over that of the Connected Load. For instance, for a connected load of 100 KW, if the actual peak load is only 50 KW, the Demand Factor is supposed to be 50%. If we say that the Demand Factor of a typical Beer Filtration Plant is 54.5%, could it mean that the plant is operating only half of its capacity? … Not quite!
For the sake of explanation, about 35% of the connected loads in a Beer Cellaring/Filtration Plant are destined not to operate during normal production days. These specific loads referred to as the CIP (Cleaning-In-Place) systems don’t run during production operation. They are meant to operate only when the system ceases to produce and cleaning/sterilizing of the equipment, pipelines, etc with caustic soda are required for every shutdown to prepare the system for another round of production schedule. These types of loads are the so-called “Non-Coincidental Loads”. The effect of non-coincidental loads in an operation is a good example how the demand factor takes shape for every type of operation. It must be appreciated that the CIP system in this example is included in the inventory of the “Installed KVA” but in reality doesn’t influence the size of the power center in concept. It must be understood therefore that demand factors depend on the mode & type of industrial plant operation. Again the engineer must define his own turf.
In like manner that in an industrial plant, there are a number of installed spare units as compressors, boilers and system auxiliaries. These are typical in Steam & Refrigeration Plants, where a number of installed spare units are included in the connected load inventory but are meant to operate only when needed – that is, in case of breakdowns of the operating units. Moreover, a running motor usually doesn’t operate at full load. Remember, the peak loads discussed here are real-time values captured by a demand meter, while the connected loads are based on nameplate ratings. Most motors in any industrial plant are in fact running at 75% to 90% load only – this further shapes the demand factor of a specific plant.
(To be continued…)
DOODS A. AMORA, PEE
(August 17, 2007)
Sunday, August 12, 2007
A SUNDAY IN HISTORY
A SUNDAY IN THE HISTORY
OF PHILIPPINE BOXING
PROLOGUE
The temperature outside was typical yet the air seemed to have retired somewhere. Despite inside an air-conditioned living room, the heat appeared intense - most likely from the radiation constantly detonating from my very own spirit….
It was a very different Sunday morning … my heart throbbed inconsistently. Although full of joyful expectations, I was worried, uneasy and excited, in other terms. With the strange ambiance, I knew vehicular traffic in the entire archipelago had been immobilized to a standstill. Malls, markets and streets; all deserted. I imagined my friends and buddies were likewise glued to their seats – this time no leisurely activities in Mactan white beaches. At home, no telephone calls from the outside world. Invitations no matter how tempting were neither allowed nor accepted, in other words, no disturbance please…, at least for the moment.
I skipped the Sunday morning mass and breakfast was not part of my intentions. I was hungry, yet I didn’t feel like eating. Chilled canned beers or a series of ice-cold whisky waiting to be engulfed seemed more appealing. Just as I wanted to be powered, I wanted to talk and chatter lengthily but I was in a sense, alone. I didn’t have any audience as my wife busied herself somewhere, doing something else – as if distancing from me in a different zeal. Of course, that’s understandable. But she must have noticed that early in the day, a 2000 lumens multi-media projector had been hooked up with the boob tube with 1200 watts powered mixer with speakers reverberating decibels ready to herald in full might the event of the day! Something I don’t normally do. Then she knew it was THE WORLD CUP IN BOXING…
I texted my good old reliable fellow electrical engineer buddy in my hometown in Northern Mindanao to confirm if he was collaborating with me in my fray. “Shoot! Botchoy Gorres is our town-mate and everybody in Nasipit is rooting & praying for him!” Hehehe… soothing, with his reply, at least I had a cohort.
THE WORLD CUP UNFOLDING
The second edition of the so-called “World Cup in Boxing” this time between the Philippines and Mexico had slowly been unfolding on the big screen in front of me. The WAR happening in The Arco Arena in Sacramento, California was the ‘moment of truth’ much more in magnitude than the Cebu episode in a recent past.
To recall, the first World Cup in Boxing was Mexico vs. Thailand where Mexico in utter domination scored 5-1, in a near sweep! This time, it’s war between the Philippines and Mexico. “Go Philippines!”, “Mahal ko ang Pilipinas!” as the battle cry goes. What else could make a Filipino like me and you quiver? “Four–Two” for the Philippines will be great. By then we would be the Champion Team!
Unfortunately or fortunately, my home DSL was down. PLDT promised to come but I knew they couldn’t, probably not until the war was over. In previous occasions, I had always been ahead round by round – texting advance information to my fellow electrical engineers hours earlier than any TV transmission – all courtesy of the Internet. This time, I had to make do of ABS-CBN. But as the event went by, even with the annoying commercials, the more electrifying it became. As I came to realize, in times like this; no internet, the better.
THE MOMENTS OF TRUTH
The first TV scene saw Korina Sanchez announcing a 2–0 score for the Philippines as Michael Domingo and Dado Gabi gloriously won over their respective opponents by UD. By not showing the two earlier bouts deprived me of the two parts of the menu. The video synopses that followed only increased the urgent appetite for more action.
I realized that fighting for the country brought along the national pride within me. The feeling of being a Filipino touched me – reminding me despite the personal frustrations on the political misadventures in the country, boxing indeed is one avenue to the “Pagkakaisa sa Sambayanang Pilipino” - as every soft-core or hard-core politician loves to utter, Manny Pacquiao, included. Later, the sight of our “kababayans” pitted with the macho mexicano warriors made my pulse beat faster. I wished I could not see disturbing moments...
The moment of truth had begun but with a different emotion from the “Moment of Truth” episode in Cebu last December and the recent Penalosa-De Leon combat. Those two occasions were falsehoods! Whether or not these falsehoods could be changed in Sacramento is something worthy to be anxious of. We have just witnessed the lapses of our very own Rodel Mayol in the attempt to grab the championship off Ulyses Solis. And who can forget Czar Amonsot battling the Australian Michael Katsidis in a bloody episode?
But Dado and Michael had already done their shares. This time I prayed for Boom-Boom, Gerry, Botchoy (my townmate in Nasipit Agusan) and AJ Banal – that all of them would make it! Two more to go… Lord God, please give the Philippines , a break…
Then came the Bazooka (14-0-1, 11 KO’s) on screen. The first round was so good for AJ that it signaled the texture of the entire bout. Indeed, with AJ controlling the fight, an explosive counter right hook to the chin in the third canto sent the Mexican foe into submission, badly dislocating his ankle in the process. The verdict: KO! The Mexican Jorge Cardenas never got up from that bazooka explosion. Score: 3 - 0! Fine… One more and we would be the Champion Team!
It’s now Z’s turn! Coming off a controversial split-decision loss to Fernando Montiel, Z Gorres (27-2-1, 15 KO’s) was never the same again, style-wise. In a complete turn-around, the “Dream” of the past literally became a charging “Tiger” fearlessly dishing out incessant but accurate offensive jab-straight combos that were joys to watch. In my book, with the IBF Junior Bantamweight Intercontinental Title at stake, Botchoy practically swept all seven rounds (70– 63) until the end came in Round 8 when the ring physician stopped the bout. It was a TKO score for the diminutive guy from Nasipit (who was later raised in Mandaue), as Botchoy then sealed the destiny of the tourney. The Philippines won by a wide margin, 4– 0, this time so far shutting out the Mexicans, Erik Ortiz (26-7-1, 17 KOs), the former WBC Junior Flyweight Champion, included.
WE (THE PHILIPPINES) ARE NOW THE CHAMPION! The emotions were high! The crowd in the Arco Arena roared. The entire archipelago soared! I could hear the screams of my neighbors, synchronizing with mine. In a normally quiet neighborhood, shouting at the top of one’s voice is taboo. This time however, it’s excused.
In a swift transition, Gerry Penalosa (52-6-2, 35 KO’s) became the center stage on screen. Although Gerry took the first round, I was fearful of the match-up. The champion, Jhonny Gonzales (34-6, 29 KO’s) and 10 years younger, had too much height and reach. And he is no push-over! It can be remembered that Jhonny twice floored Israel Vasquez (who just TKO’d Rafael Marquez last week) and was leading in the early stages of their own championship encounter when Vasquez turned the tide in a classic fight.
Against Gerry, Jhonny looked good – even better than Ponce de Leon’s last fight with Gerry. With the champion executing dutifully & beautifully a game plan of maintaining distance with cycles of stinging combinations kept him away from Gerry’s stalkings. Gerry in the next rounds found Gonzales difficult to penetrate. The scary moments had come…
After six rounds my score card showed 59-55, in favor of Gonzales. Alarmed, I could only think that being a wily veteran was Gerry's only advantage. It would be hard task for Gerry who had peaked somewhere in the ‘90s to win this one. Noticing more commercials than the Gorres’ stretch, it came to my senses that the bout must have been an abbreviated one. Would it turn-out Gerry being KO’ed? The thought frightened me. Sorry, I told myself to stop scoring the bout. At the instance, I suddenly felt unbearable hunger. I found myself in the kitchen looking for food.
But then in a shocking moment, the 35-year-old veteran Gerry Penalosa badly behind on points suddenly unleashed a perfectly timed rib-cracking bomb to the liver that sent the champion to the the floor grimacing in pain. As the count of ten elapsed, verdict: KNOCK-OUT! Hey guys, we had a new world champion! And Gerry is a World Champion again! I could then feel that the cheering and celebrating in all over the 7000 islands of the Philippines could have caused Philvocs panic when the Richter Scale must had been activated!
Score: 5-0, as the Philippines’ sweep continues at the Arco Arena in Sacramento !
THE MAIN EVENT
Just as fickle as everybody else, the ‘standard’ changed. The ‘desired condition’ amended. At this point in time, the 4–2 objective was scrapped. I suddenly felt: GO 6 -0 SWEEP! WHY NOT? WE HAVE FAITH IN BOOM BOOM!
The main event saw Mexico salvaging some face when WBO super bantamweight champion Daniel Ponce De Leon (32-1, 29 KO’s) crushed our undefeated Rey "Boom Boom" Bautista in the very first round. After coming off a lackluster decision win over Penalosa, De Leon was all business redeeming himself to the Filipinos as he came out throwing bombs from the start. A combination that was punctuated by a right hand to the chin sent Bautista down. Another flurry of big punches easily sent Bautista to the canvass for the second time as the referee stopped the fight preventing any more damage.
THE AFTERMATH
All of a sudden I forgot my ecstasy as I agonized and bled for the young man. The menacing "Raramuri Warrior" was too much test to the kid. Knowing that Rey came from Candijay, Bohol, he could have been my relative. I apologize for my fickleness. A Five-One performance is already beyond expectations. I should have not asked for more.
The rest is now history. Boom Boom will bounce back. I’m quite sure of that. Wait until his full-grown manhood. And remember, he is a Filipino!
The temperature outside was typical yet the air seemed to have retired somewhere. Despite inside an air-conditioned living room, the heat appeared intense - most likely from the radiation constantly detonating from my very own spirit….
It was a very different Sunday morning … my heart throbbed inconsistently. Although full of joyful expectations, I was worried, uneasy and excited, in other terms. With the strange ambiance, I knew vehicular traffic in the entire archipelago had been immobilized to a standstill. Malls, markets and streets; all deserted. I imagined my friends and buddies were likewise glued to their seats – this time no leisurely activities in Mactan white beaches. At home, no telephone calls from the outside world. Invitations no matter how tempting were neither allowed nor accepted, in other words, no disturbance please…, at least for the moment.
I skipped the Sunday morning mass and breakfast was not part of my intentions. I was hungry, yet I didn’t feel like eating. Chilled canned beers or a series of ice-cold whisky waiting to be engulfed seemed more appealing. Just as I wanted to be powered, I wanted to talk and chatter lengthily but I was in a sense, alone. I didn’t have any audience as my wife busied herself somewhere, doing something else – as if distancing from me in a different zeal. Of course, that’s understandable. But she must have noticed that early in the day, a 2000 lumens multi-media projector had been hooked up with the boob tube with 1200 watts powered mixer with speakers reverberating decibels ready to herald in full might the event of the day! Something I don’t normally do. Then she knew it was THE WORLD CUP IN BOXING…
I texted my good old reliable fellow electrical engineer buddy in my hometown in Northern Mindanao to confirm if he was collaborating with me in my fray. “Shoot! Botchoy Gorres is our town-mate and everybody in Nasipit is rooting & praying for him!” Hehehe… soothing, with his reply, at least I had a cohort.
THE WORLD CUP UNFOLDING
The second edition of the so-called “World Cup in Boxing” this time between the Philippines and Mexico had slowly been unfolding on the big screen in front of me. The WAR happening in The Arco Arena in Sacramento, California was the ‘moment of truth’ much more in magnitude than the Cebu episode in a recent past.
To recall, the first World Cup in Boxing was Mexico vs. Thailand where Mexico in utter domination scored 5-1, in a near sweep! This time, it’s war between the Philippines and Mexico. “Go Philippines!”, “Mahal ko ang Pilipinas!” as the battle cry goes. What else could make a Filipino like me and you quiver? “Four–Two” for the Philippines will be great. By then we would be the Champion Team!
Unfortunately or fortunately, my home DSL was down. PLDT promised to come but I knew they couldn’t, probably not until the war was over. In previous occasions, I had always been ahead round by round – texting advance information to my fellow electrical engineers hours earlier than any TV transmission – all courtesy of the Internet. This time, I had to make do of ABS-CBN. But as the event went by, even with the annoying commercials, the more electrifying it became. As I came to realize, in times like this; no internet, the better.
THE MOMENTS OF TRUTH
The first TV scene saw Korina Sanchez announcing a 2–0 score for the Philippines as Michael Domingo and Dado Gabi gloriously won over their respective opponents by UD. By not showing the two earlier bouts deprived me of the two parts of the menu. The video synopses that followed only increased the urgent appetite for more action.
I realized that fighting for the country brought along the national pride within me. The feeling of being a Filipino touched me – reminding me despite the personal frustrations on the political misadventures in the country, boxing indeed is one avenue to the “Pagkakaisa sa Sambayanang Pilipino” - as every soft-core or hard-core politician loves to utter, Manny Pacquiao, included. Later, the sight of our “kababayans” pitted with the macho mexicano warriors made my pulse beat faster. I wished I could not see disturbing moments...
The moment of truth had begun but with a different emotion from the “Moment of Truth” episode in Cebu last December and the recent Penalosa-De Leon combat. Those two occasions were falsehoods! Whether or not these falsehoods could be changed in Sacramento is something worthy to be anxious of. We have just witnessed the lapses of our very own Rodel Mayol in the attempt to grab the championship off Ulyses Solis. And who can forget Czar Amonsot battling the Australian Michael Katsidis in a bloody episode?
But Dado and Michael had already done their shares. This time I prayed for Boom-Boom, Gerry, Botchoy (my townmate in Nasipit Agusan) and AJ Banal – that all of them would make it! Two more to go… Lord God, please give the Philippines , a break…
Then came the Bazooka (14-0-1, 11 KO’s) on screen. The first round was so good for AJ that it signaled the texture of the entire bout. Indeed, with AJ controlling the fight, an explosive counter right hook to the chin in the third canto sent the Mexican foe into submission, badly dislocating his ankle in the process. The verdict: KO! The Mexican Jorge Cardenas never got up from that bazooka explosion. Score: 3 - 0! Fine… One more and we would be the Champion Team!
It’s now Z’s turn! Coming off a controversial split-decision loss to Fernando Montiel, Z Gorres (27-2-1, 15 KO’s) was never the same again, style-wise. In a complete turn-around, the “Dream” of the past literally became a charging “Tiger” fearlessly dishing out incessant but accurate offensive jab-straight combos that were joys to watch. In my book, with the IBF Junior Bantamweight Intercontinental Title at stake, Botchoy practically swept all seven rounds (70– 63) until the end came in Round 8 when the ring physician stopped the bout. It was a TKO score for the diminutive guy from Nasipit (who was later raised in Mandaue), as Botchoy then sealed the destiny of the tourney. The Philippines won by a wide margin, 4– 0, this time so far shutting out the Mexicans, Erik Ortiz (26-7-1, 17 KOs), the former WBC Junior Flyweight Champion, included.
WE (THE PHILIPPINES) ARE NOW THE CHAMPION! The emotions were high! The crowd in the Arco Arena roared. The entire archipelago soared! I could hear the screams of my neighbors, synchronizing with mine. In a normally quiet neighborhood, shouting at the top of one’s voice is taboo. This time however, it’s excused.
In a swift transition, Gerry Penalosa (52-6-2, 35 KO’s) became the center stage on screen. Although Gerry took the first round, I was fearful of the match-up. The champion, Jhonny Gonzales (34-6, 29 KO’s) and 10 years younger, had too much height and reach. And he is no push-over! It can be remembered that Jhonny twice floored Israel Vasquez (who just TKO’d Rafael Marquez last week) and was leading in the early stages of their own championship encounter when Vasquez turned the tide in a classic fight.
Against Gerry, Jhonny looked good – even better than Ponce de Leon’s last fight with Gerry. With the champion executing dutifully & beautifully a game plan of maintaining distance with cycles of stinging combinations kept him away from Gerry’s stalkings. Gerry in the next rounds found Gonzales difficult to penetrate. The scary moments had come…
After six rounds my score card showed 59-55, in favor of Gonzales. Alarmed, I could only think that being a wily veteran was Gerry's only advantage. It would be hard task for Gerry who had peaked somewhere in the ‘90s to win this one. Noticing more commercials than the Gorres’ stretch, it came to my senses that the bout must have been an abbreviated one. Would it turn-out Gerry being KO’ed? The thought frightened me. Sorry, I told myself to stop scoring the bout. At the instance, I suddenly felt unbearable hunger. I found myself in the kitchen looking for food.
But then in a shocking moment, the 35-year-old veteran Gerry Penalosa badly behind on points suddenly unleashed a perfectly timed rib-cracking bomb to the liver that sent the champion to the the floor grimacing in pain. As the count of ten elapsed, verdict: KNOCK-OUT! Hey guys, we had a new world champion! And Gerry is a World Champion again! I could then feel that the cheering and celebrating in all over the 7000 islands of the Philippines could have caused Philvocs panic when the Richter Scale must had been activated!
Score: 5-0, as the Philippines’ sweep continues at the Arco Arena in Sacramento !
THE MAIN EVENT
Just as fickle as everybody else, the ‘standard’ changed. The ‘desired condition’ amended. At this point in time, the 4–2 objective was scrapped. I suddenly felt: GO 6 -0 SWEEP! WHY NOT? WE HAVE FAITH IN BOOM BOOM!
The main event saw Mexico salvaging some face when WBO super bantamweight champion Daniel Ponce De Leon (32-1, 29 KO’s) crushed our undefeated Rey "Boom Boom" Bautista in the very first round. After coming off a lackluster decision win over Penalosa, De Leon was all business redeeming himself to the Filipinos as he came out throwing bombs from the start. A combination that was punctuated by a right hand to the chin sent Bautista down. Another flurry of big punches easily sent Bautista to the canvass for the second time as the referee stopped the fight preventing any more damage.
THE AFTERMATH
All of a sudden I forgot my ecstasy as I agonized and bled for the young man. The menacing "Raramuri Warrior" was too much test to the kid. Knowing that Rey came from Candijay, Bohol, he could have been my relative. I apologize for my fickleness. A Five-One performance is already beyond expectations. I should have not asked for more.
The rest is now history. Boom Boom will bounce back. I’m quite sure of that. Wait until his full-grown manhood. And remember, he is a Filipino!
Doods A. Amora, PEE
(August 12, 2007)
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